THESIS
An Analysis Of Figurative Language In
The Madman
by Kahlil Gibran
Writen by :
USWATUN HASANAH
08.88203.607
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING
AND EDUCATION
MADURA UNIVERSITY
PAMEKASAN
2012
APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that Sarjana’s
thesis of USWATUN HASANAH has been approved
by the broard of advisors.
Pamekasan, 16th
May 2012
Advisor I
Sri Nurhayati, M.Pd.
Advisor II
Agus Budiharto,
S.S.
Approval Of Examiner
This
is was defended in front of the Examiners of Teacher Trining and education
Faculty of Madura University and accepted
to fulfill on of requirement
to achive the Bachelor’s Degree of
English Department.
Pamekasan, 5th
august 2012
Approved By:
Faculty of
teacher Training and Education
Madura University
Dra. Sri Harini, M.M
Dean
Examiners Committee:
Signatures
1. Mariyatul Kiptiyah, M.pd.
Examiner I
( )
2. Sri Nurhayati, M.Pd.
Examiner II
( )
3. Agus Budiharto,
S.S.
Examiner III
( )
MOTTO
LIFE is
10 percent what happens to us
and 90
percent how we respond to it.”
DEDICATION
I
would like to dedicate this thesis for:
My
beloved parents
Maulana
Bintang Romadhoni
For
all my friend In Mahapala Unira Especially member of Laba_laba Batu Community
We
had pass the best adventure in mountain and this Life
There
are so many unforgetable moment.
Keep
our friendship Ok..!
DECLARATION OF
AUTHORSHIP
Herewith I,
Name : Uswatun Hasanah
NPM : 08.88203.607.
Address : Waru Barat, Pamekasan.
Declare That :
1.
T his thesis is the sole work of author and has not been written in collaboration with any
other person, Nor does it include, without due acknowledgment, the work of any
other person.
2.
If at Later time it is found that this thesis is a product
of plagiarism, I am willing to accept any legal consequences that may be
imposed to me.
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Pamekasan, 16th May 2012
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The Writer
Uswatun Hasanah
08.88203.607
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, The writer would like to thank for the the god for blessing me with so many
precious gifts and moment. So, The writer can accomplish this thesis well and
fulfill the requirements for the degree of
teacher education, English
Department, Madura University.
The writer like to express my heartfelt thanks to the following
people:
1.
Dra. Sri Harini, as the Dean of the Faculty of Teacher
Training and Education, Madura
University Pamekasan, for the chance she gives to The writer to accomplish this thesis for fulfilling one
of the requirements to obtain my sarjana
Degree (S1).
2.
My thesis Advisors, Mrs. Sri Nurhayati,
S.pd for correcting my thesis with patience, care, and making insightful
suggestion and creating design that greatly enchanced the content, and for Mr. Agus Budiharto,SS. For correcting and
give suggestion for my less check in writing this thesis.
3.
All the lectures of madura University Pamekasan, Who have taught
and guide me during my study.
4.
My beloved family, My parent,
My beloved Angga Safarilla,
Maulana Bintang Romadhoni for all support, love treat and teach me (the writer) about being a real
women and finding the real success in this life.
5.
And, I offer my
regard and blessings to all of my
friends especially in my beloved organization Mahasiswa pecinta Alam (MAHAPALA)
unira Blank Mountenering, love L4,
Caex’s Leader, Ontah, Hfive
el-hasin and all of
member Laba_Laba Batu
Community, who support helps and
motivate me during the completion of this thesis.
However, The writer is aware that this thesis is far from being
perfect. Therefore, some critics and suggestion would be kindly appreciated to
improve this thesis. The writer whishes this thesis will be advantageous to the
reader.
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Pamekasan, 16th May 2012
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The Writer
Uswatun Hasanah
08.88203.607
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ABSTRACT
Hasanah, Uswatun.
2012. An Anal ysis Of Figurative Language In the Madman
by Kahlil Gibran. Madura University, Faculty
of Teacher Training and
Education, English Department.
Advisor (I) Sri Nurhayati, M.pd. (II)
Agus Budiharto,Ss.
.Keyword:
Literature, Poetry and figurative languages.
To Understanding exactly what literature is very difficult. The
definition of literature is entirely
subjective. This means that everybody has different opinion in analyzing and
understanding about literature itself. Literature has three main divisions;
they are drama, poetry and prose. In this thesis the writer only focus on
analyzing poetry because many readers who have no trouble understanding and
enjoying prose find that poetry is
difficult to understand, that happen
because of the wrong analysis on figurative languages that are used by
the poet. The function of figurative language is to add the beauty and artwork
of the poems. So the Writer is pointed
to find out what kind of figurative languages that are used in kahlil
Gibran’s poem and analyzing contextual meaning.
This study was designed to follow the principles of qualitative descriptive method. In collecting
the data. First the writer is collecting kahlil gibran’s poems, the second is reading
and understanding 11 poems of kahlil gibran, and the last collecting data selected
figurative language found in kahlil gibran’s poem. In analyzing the data the
writer analyze every figurative language that found in the poem, and the last drawing conclusion based on the
result of data analysis.
In finding and discussion there
were found and analyzed its contextual meaning on 11 poems of kahlil gibran.
“Become a madman” there are three personifications, one Metonymy, one Repetition,
and one Symbolism. “My friend” there are two Litotes, five Personifications,
three Symbolisms, one Metaphor, three Hyperbolas and two pleonasms. “The Fox” there is Metaphor, “The two hermits”found a metaphor and two
symbolism, “The wise king” only found
symbolism, “
The Three Ants” only found Symbolism, “The Grave Digger” the
wtiter found metaphor.”The Good God
and The Evil God” the writer found a repetition and metaphor. “The eye” there is Personification.
“Night and The Madman” there are two similes,seven
Hyperbolas, three Personifications, two Repetition, and one metaphor. And the last “Said a blade of Grass” the writer only found
Personification.
Finally, it is hoped that this study will be benefitable to the
readers especially to the students who are interested in analyzing
the same literary work of English Department inn Madura University.
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PAGE OF COVER..................................................................................................
APPROVAL SHEET.............................................................................................
APPROVAL
Of EXAMINERS...............................................................
MOTTO
AND DEDICATION SHEET................................................
DECLARATION
OF AUTHORSHIP................................................................
ACKNOWLEGMENT...................................................................................
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................
TABLE OF
CONTENT..........................................................................................
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of The study............................................................................
1.2. Problems of The Study................................................................................
1.3.Purpose of The Study .................................................................................
1.4.. Significance of
The Study..........................................................................
1.5. Scope
And Limitation of The Study...........................................................
1.6.The
Definition of Key Term........................................................................
1.6.1. Literature…………………………..........................................................
1.6.2. Analysis……………………………………………………………… .
1.6.3. Poetry………………………………………………………………..….........
1.6.4. Figurative language……………………………………………
1.6.5.Kahlil Gibran’s Poem…...…...................................................................
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Literature....................................................................................................
2.1.1 The characteristic of Literature...............................................................
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2.1.3. The Benefit of Reading
Literature.........................................................
2.1.
4.Kinds of Literature.................................................................................
2.2. Poetry........................................................................................................
2.2.1. Kinds of
poetry.....................................................................................
2.2.1.1.
Sonnet.............................................................................................
2.2.1.2. Ballad........................................................................................
2.2.1.3.
Couplet...............................................................................
2.2.1.4.
Quatrain..............................................................................
2.2.1.5.
Epic......................................................................................
2.2.1.6. Free
verse.............................................................................
2.2.1.7.
Haiku.....................................................................................
2.2.2. Elements of
poetry.............................................................................
2.2.2.1.
Rhyme..................................................................................
2.2.2.2.
Stanza...................................................................................
2.2.2.3.
Feeling...................................................................................
2.2.2.4
Theme.....................................................................................
2.2.2.5. Rhythm..................................................................................
2.3. Figurative
Language..................................................................................
2.3.1. Hyperbola.....................................................................................
2.3.2. Simile.............................................................................................
2.3.3. Metaphorr......................................................................................
2.3.4. Personification...............................................................................
2.3.5. Repetition......................................................................................
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2.3.7. Onomatopoeia...............................................................................
2.3.8.
Irony............................................................................................
2.3.9.
Litotes.........................................................................................
2.3.10.
Pleonasm...................................................................................
2.3.11. Metonymy.................................................................................
2.3.12.
Euphemism...............................................................................
2.4. Meaning...................................................................................................
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research
Design........................................................................................ ........
3.2. Object Of the Study...................................................................................
3.3. Data Collection...........................................................................................
3.4. Data Analysis...........................................................................................
CHAPTER
IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Research
Finding.......................................................................................
4.1.1.
Finding figurative language in “Become a Madman”..............
4.1.2. Finding figurative language in “My
friend”....................................
4.1.3. Finding figurative language in “The
Fox”........................................
4.1.4. Finding figurative language in “The Two
Hermits”.....................
4.1.5. Finding figurative language in “The Wise
King”..........................
4.1.6. Finding figurative language in “ The Three Ants”.....................
4.1.7. Finding figurative language in “The Grave Digger” ……….
4.1.8.
Finding figurative language in“The Good God and The Evil ...Good”..
4.1.9. Finding
figurative language in “The Eye”..................................
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in “The Night and The Madman”.............................................
4.1.11. Finding figurative language in “Said a Blade of
Grass”........
4.2. Discussions..............................................................................................
4.2.1. The Discussion of figurative language
in “Become a Madman” …………………………………......
4.2.2. The Discussion of figurative language in “My
friend”.....................
4.2.3. The Discussion of figurative language in “The Fox”..................
4.2.4. The Discussion of figurative language
in “The Two Hermits”……………………………………….
4.2.5. The Discussion of figurative language in “The Wise King”........
4.2.6. The Discussion of figurative language
in “ The
Three Ants”..................................................................
4.2.7. The Discussion of figurative language
in “The Grave Digger” ………………………………………
4.2.8. The Discussion of figurative language in “The Good God
And The Evil
God”..................................................................
4.2.9. The Discussion of figurative language in “The Eye”............
4.2.10. The Discussion of figurative language in “The Night
and The Madman”.................................................................
4.2.11. The Discussion of figurative language
in “Said a Blade of Grass”………………………………...
CHAPTER
V : CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion........................................................................................
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REFERENCES.........................................................................................
APPENDIX...............................................................................................
INTRODUCTION
In
this chapter the writer would like to
explain about background of the study, problem of the study, purpose of the
study, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study and the
definition of key term.
1.1
Background of the Study
Language is an important thing in our life. We can
communicate with other people through language. Communication has purposes to
send a message to other human. In sending the message, the sender does not only use an explicit message or direct
expressions but also uses an implicit message or indirect expressions, where the
meaning of message is different from usual message, such as using figurative language.
Figurative language is the language that has more than one meaning.
Figurative language is language which is not
real meaning. The figurative meaning is not fit again with the concept in the
word. It is transferred from the real meaning, however there is still relation
between them, if we want to understand it deeply (Kennedy,2002:119).
Figurative language can be found in the poem. Poem often has difficult
word to understand, because sometimes the author used the implicit sentences.
Poems usually have themes but the poem also tries to create an emotional effect
and make an association between things and idea that are not related.
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In this research, the writer focuses on figurative language and
meaning that used in Kahlil Gibran poems. Kahlil gibran, philosopher and
artist, who was born in Lebanon
1.2. Problems of The Study
Based on the background of the
study, the writer proposes the problem of
the study as follow:
1. What kind of figurative language used in kahlil gibran poems?
2.
What is the contextual meaning of each figurative language?
1.3. Purpose of The Study
Related to the problem of the study above the purposes
of the study are as follow:
1.
To find out the figurative
language used in kahlil gibran’s poem.
2.
To describe the contextual meaning
of figurative language used in kahlil gibran’s Poem.
1.4. Significance
of The Study
The significance of the study is the
writer hopes that this research improve the reader’s knowledge of understanding
the figurative language and give contribution to larger body of knowledge and it is hoped to be useful for the reader especially to the
students of madura university who want to make the next research
about figurative language or kahlil gibran’s poem as references.
1.5.
Scope And Limitation of The Study
In conducting this study, the writer
focuses in analyzing figurative language on the Kahlil Gibran Poems in his book
“ The Mad Man”. This study is limited in
kahlil gibran’s poem that related about social theme.
1.6.
The Definition of Key Term
In order to avoid misinterpretation, some words that used in this
study need to be defined, they are as follow:
1.6.1.
Literature is considered as the
expression of beautiful thought, ideas in beautiful language.
(Sunaryono,1988:3)
1.6.2.
Analysis is a part of thing
that always done in research (siswantoro,2010:38)
1.6.3.
Poetry is
piece of literature written by a poet in meter or verse
expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use of variety of
different
techniques including metaphors, similes and
onomatopoeia which are
explained in the above definitions and
different examples.
(online access on,December,17th 2011 http://www.types-of-poetry.org.uk/)
1.6.4.
Figurative language is
language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from
the literal interpretation. When a writer uses literal language, he or she is simply stating
the facts as they are. Figurative language,
in comparison, uses exaggerations or alterations to make a particular
linguistic point. Figurative language is very common in poetry (Reaske, 1966:
34)
1.6.5.
Kahlil gibran’s poem is in the
book of the madman that related with social theme, they are Become a Madman,
God, My friend, The Fox, The Two Hermits, The Wise King, The Three Ants, The Grave Digger, The Good God and The Evil God, The Eye, Night and The Madman, Said a Blade of Grass.
REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURe
In this chapter the writer would
like to review the related literature dealing with the figurative language in
kahlil gibran’s poem.
2.1. Literature
Literature derived from the latin littera, meaning”letter”.the
root meaning of literature refers primarily to the written word and seems to
support this board definition. However, such a definition eliminates the
important oral traditions on which much of our literature is based, including
homer’s illiad and odyssey, the English
epic Beowulf, and many native American legends (Charles E.bressler,1998:6)
Literature is considered as the expression of beautiful
thought, ideas in beautiful language. (Hartiningsih, 2001:4) will be interesting
for some readers if they have high sensitivity and imagination because they can
really enjoy the beauty of literature. Literature is writing of particular kind
involving a particular use of words, writing that works in particular way,
makes different (usually more exacting). Literature is human expression about
the life experience in language form.
2.1.1. The characteristic
of Literature
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2.1.2. Categories of
Literature
There are two
categories of literature are escape and interpretative literature. Escape
literature is that written purely for entertainment, to help us pass the time
agreeably. interpretative literature is written to broaden, deepen and sharpen
our awareness of live, it takes us through the imagination deeper into the real
world. Sunaryono (1988:2)
2.1.3. The Benefit of
Reading Literature
The benefit of
learning literature especially western literature are the human readers can
increase their vocabulary, understanding the English or American styles of
speaking, and knowing western culture.
Another benefit
and reading literature is that it offers the readers an experience, problem
life and the way to solve it. But to have experience and to make the story
comes alive, they must read it seriously. Though the experience is imagination
but the emotion is real. Different experience makes different readers responds
differently to the some work.
2.1.4. Kinds of Literature
The kinds of
literature are mentions two main divisions they are literature of knowledge and
the literature of imagination, both of literature in function, according to the
purpose of the writer. The literature of knowledge presents or interprets facts, ideas or
happenings, a description of a person or place, the explanation of scientist
process, the account of war, or the discussion of political issues. The literature of imagination
interprets experience by fictitious presentation of person, ideas, and events these writing involve
prose, poetry and drama Sunaryono (1988:3).
The
writer of this thesis will explain only literature of imagination as material
because the analysis of this thesis is about poetry that include into one of
imaginative literature.
Prose is ordinary
language that people use in writing such as poetry, stories, editorial, book,
etc. The word prose is derived from the lattin word “prosa” meaning
straightforward. Prose comes in two types of text, they are narrative and
expository. Narrative text is define as something that is narrated such as
story. Expository text is nonfiction reading material such as description,
Analysis, etc. (online access on January, 5th 2012, http://www.types-of-poetry.org.uk/91-prose.htm)
Drama is a composition
in prose or poetry accommodated in action and intended to exhibit a picture of
human life or to depict a series of grave or humorous actions of more than
ordinary interest, tending toward some striking result. It is commonly designed
to be spoken and represented by actors on the stage. (online access on January,
5th 2012, http://www.brainyquote.com/words/dr/drama157122.html)
Poetry is piece of
literature written by a poet in meter or verse expressing various emotions
which are expressed by the use of variety of different techniques including
metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia which are explained in the above
definitions and different examples. (online access
on,December,17th 2011 http://www.types-of-poetry.org.uk/
2.2. Poetry
According william wordsworth in aminuddin
poetry is The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. And Horace via wellek warren in aminuddin say
that poetry is sweet and useful.
Poetry is a piece of literature written by a poet in meter or verse
expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use of variety of
techniques including metaphors, similes, personification. The emphasis on the
aesthete tics of language and the uses of techniques such as repetition, and
rhyme are what are commonly used in poetry. Poems often make heavy use of
figurative language.(online access on February 14th 2012, http://www.types-of-poetry.org.uk/91-prose.htm)
It can be concluded that Poetry is the expression of thoughts which
are use the feeling, stirs the five senses impression into rhythmical
arrangement. All of them are very important moment to record that the poet
expresses into interesting form of language and give a deep impression for the
readers.
2.2.1. Kinds of
poetry
All kind of poetry are often written in several styles. These styles
are defined by the number of lines in
each stanza. The syllables used in each line or structure of rhyme used and so on. These are kinds of
poetry commonly used by poets all over the word:
1.6.5.1. Sonnet
The sonnet is the fourteen line poem written in iambic pentameter. The Italian ( petrarchan) sonnet is divided into an octave
and a sestet; the octave rhymes abba,abba;
the sestet cde,cde or variations
thereof. The sestet may also rhyme cd, cd, cd. (Reaske, 1966:23)
1.6.5.2. Ballad
This is an old style of writing poetry, which was used to tell
stories. A ballad usually has stanza made up of
either seven or eight or ten lines, and
end with a short four or five
line stanza. Each stanza end with the same line, which is called a Refrain.(
online access on February 17th 2012)
1.6.4.3. Couplet
Reaske (1966:22) A Couplet is a stanza composed of only two lines
which usually rhyme. A couplet is, in other words, one line coupled to another.
An heroic couplet, found frequently in English poetry, is a stanza composed of
two rhyming lines of iambic pentameter;
in the following lines, Dryden describes a contemporary by using two heroic
couplets:
A man So various, that he seemed to be
Not one, but all mankind’s epitome
Stiff in opinions, always in the wrong
Was everything by starts, and nothing long
1.6.4.4. Quatrain
Quatrain is a stanza composed
of four lines either rhyming or not rhyming. As with the heroic couplet, the
heroic quatrain is written in alternating rhymes of iambic pentameter. But in
general, a quatrain is any four line
stanza. ( Reaske,1966:22)
1.6.4.5. Epic
This poem is usually a long and descriptive one which tells a story,
Epics usually are longer than the most poems and may even take up a book.
(online access on February 20th 2012)
1.6.4.5. Free verse
Poetry composed in lines which are free of the traditional patterns
of rhyme and meter and whose rhythm is based, instead, on the stress resulting
from the meaning of the line and its natural and punctuated pauses.(Reaske,1966:18). This is a method of
writing poetry which does not
essentially follow any structure or style. This kind of poetry is quite popular
with modern poets.
1.6.4.6. Haiku
This is again a very structured method of writing poetry. This has
its origin in japan. This method does
not used rhyme. There are three lines of five, seven and five syllables each.
The poem must essentially talk about
some aspect of nature. (online access on
February 25th 2012).
By these explanation the writer concluded that
kahlil Gibran’s poem is included kinds of poetry of Free Verse and ballad because composed in lines which are free of
the traditional patterns of rhyme and meter and whose rhythm is based, instead,
on the stress resulting from the meaning of the line, its natural and does not
essentially follow any structure or style. And told
a story.
2.2.2. Elements
of poetry
There are several elements which make up a good poem. They are:
2.2.2.1. Rhyme
Rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words and it
is often used in poems. (Reaske, 1966:18). A poem may or may not have a rhyme.
When you write poetry that has rhyme, it means that the last words of the lines
match with each other in some form.
Either the last words of the first and second lines would rhyme with each other
or the first and the third, second and the fourh and so on.
2.2.2.2. Stanza
Stanza is patterns of rhyme are organized into verse paragraphs,
stanzas are the major divisions made in a poem in a regular or consistent way,
a stanza in short is a group of lines and therefore a recognizable unit in a
poem There are several names of stanzas: Couplet consist of 2 lines, Triplet
consist of 3 lines, Quatrain consist of 4 lines, Sestet consist of 6 lines,
Rhyme Royal consist of 7 lines, Octave consist of 8 lines, Sonnet consist of 14
lines, Spenserian Stanza consist of 9
lines. ( Reaske, 1966:21-24).
2.2.2.3.
Feeling
Feeling refers to way in which the author views his subject. The
author is trying to explain his own feeling to the readers, the feeling in a
poem could be feeling of sad, happy,
angry etc. (Reaske, 1966:40)
2.2.2.4. Theme
Theme is the central concept developed in a poem, it is the basic
idea which is trying to convey by the poet (Reaske, 1966:42). So the theme of
the poem is the central idea that the poet wants to convey. It can be a story or a thought or a
description of something or someone, anything which is what the poem is all
about.
2.2.2.5. Rhythm
Rhythm is significant in poetry because poetry is so
emotionallycharged and intense. Rhythm can be measured in termof heavely
stressedto less stresses syllables. Rhythm is the music made by the statement of the
poem, which include the syllables in the line. The best method of understanding
this is to read the poem aloud and often used to give listener or reader the
feeling of being involved with the poem’s action.( online access on February,15th
2012, http://www.types-of-poetry.org.uk/81-rhythm.htm)
2.2.2.6.
Figurative Language
Figurative language is language which employs various figures of
speech, some examples are metaphor, simile, paradox, etc ( Reaske, 1966:42)
2.2.2.7.
Imagery
Imagery is image, picture, or sensory content, which we find in a
poem. Images are fanciful or imaginative descriptions of people or objects
stated in terms of our senses (Reaske, 1966:34-35
In this thesis the writer only analyze element of poetry in
figurative language.
2.3. Figurative Languange
Figurative language refers to words, and groups of
words, that exaggerate or alter the usual meaning in figures of speeches of the
component words. A figure of speech may
be said to occur whenever a speaker or writer, from the sake of freshness or
emphasis, departs from the usual denotations of words (Kennedy, 1983; 479).
Figurative
language may involve analog to similar concepts or the other contexts, and may
involve exaggerations. There are many
figurative languages. Such as: Allusion, Hyperbole, Antithesis,
Repetition, Metaphor, Smile, Personification, Apostrophe, Climax, Irony,
Litotes, Metonymy, paradox, pleonasm, euphemism, onomatopoeia and Synecdoche but the writer will analyze 12 figurative
languages in kahlil gibran’s poem because
these figurative languages always uses by the poet in the word and figurative
languages will classified as follows.
2.3.1. Hyperbole
Exaggerating, often in a humorous way, to make a
particular point is known as hyperbole. Reaske (1996:34) says that hyperbola is
a figure of speech, which employs exaggeration. Hyperbola differs from
exaggeration in that it is extreme or excessive. It can produce a very dramatic
effect. He is also states that the idea of seeing a thousand errors is of
course a exaggeration or hyperbolic expression of the poet.
Hyperbole is an expression of exaggeration such as a
bombastic. Consequently, Hyperbola is kind of figure of speech which is used by
the poet to exaggerate something. Exaggeration of the description of what we
see and feel followed by emotion, so the users of language do not satisfy that
they express only what we can say but it is added by other words to show their
expression more attractive. In fact, we can prove the truth because the truth
sometime is an opposite expression. The poet necessary to exaggerate thing that
will be compared in order to get accurate attention from the reader.
Sometimes hyperbola is called overstatement, for
example:
I’ve told him a thousand times,
He state his 10.000 promises
2.3.2. Simile
A simile is a comparison that often uses the words like
or as. A smile is a direct comparison between thing, Which are not similar in
their essence particular. Reaske (1996:41). A poet introduces a simile through
a connecting word that signal that comparison is being made. The connectives
that are most frequently used such as” like” as” But” than”. This
characteristic is intended to express the similar thing with another directly.
Example: What did we say to teach other
That know we are as the deer
2.3.3. Methaphor
Reaske (1996:36) says that metaphor is figure of speech
which compare a thing to another directly.
A metaphor is a statement that one thing is something
else, Or its a comparison made between things which are essentially not alike.
It is similar to a simile, but does not use like or as.
Example; I’m a riddle in nine syllables,
An elephant, a ponderous house
Life
is a hungry animal
The
teacher is a hero without badge
2.3.4. Personification
Reaske( 1966:39) state that personification is the
process of singing human characteristic to object. personification is figure of
speech which shows an analogy to draw a thing as if human characteristic, or
these thing, animal, and abstract term is made as human.
Personification is a figures of speech that draw an
animal an object or an ideas having
human characteristic (kinayati, 2006:19). When something that is not human is
given human-like qualities, this is known as personification. An example of
personification would be to say,
“The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon.
” The wind stood up and gave a shout”
The sky looks angry.
2.3.5. Repetition
Repetition is a figure of speech, which used by writer
to repeat several words in his sentence. It can be whole repetition or half
repetition. Repetition consist of some expression like repetition of sounds,
words. Collection of word of some part that are considered important in
sentence, which intend to intensify the meaning.
2.3.6. Symbolism
symbol is visible object, place, person or experience by
giving some further meaning than what it is. Sometimes the learners will
representation which repeated over and over again. For example if a poet uses
the word “flower” every time the obviously is speaking about beauty, the flower
may be said to be a symbol of a
beautiful girl.
2.3.7. Onomatopoeia
Is a figure of speech that combine
of sounds in a word that imitates or suggests what word refers to. And
according Reaske (1966:21) this is a technique of using a word whose sound
suggests its meaning.
Example; when the owl sang in her
night, cuckooo…..
I don’t know where I had to
go.
2.3.8. Irony
(Jay magil) The use of words to
convey the opposite of their literal meaning, a statement or situation where
the meaning is contradicted by the
appearance or presentation of the idea. Online access on February 15th
2012, http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/ironyterm.htm)
Example: He is very diligent till he
does not pass the test.
2.3.9. Litotes
(Richard N.) Litotes is a figure of speech consisting
an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its
opposite. Online access on February 15th 2012, http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/litotesterm.htm)
Litotes which is from greek “simple”
is the opposite hyperbola. It makes the real fact small to humiliate itself.
(Rifa’i,2008:24)
Example: I have nothing, only ten
cars and three houses.
2.3.10. Pleonasm
Pleonasm is a figure of speech which
uses exaggeration word to inform words which have actually been clear. (Rifa’i
,2008:26)
Example: they are talking with their mouth
2.3.11. Metonymy
Metonymy is figure of speech that
consist of the use of the name of one object or concept for that of another to which it is related. as “the
bottle” for “strong drink.”
According to Kinayati (2006:19)
metonymy is a figure of speech that use one word or phrase to explain
something, because its have a close associated.
Example: He loves the bottle,
meaning that he likes the content, not the bottle itself
2.3.12. Euphemism
Euphemism which is from Greek “
speaking clearly and naturally” is a refinement of expression we think very
rude or impolite with other expression we think very polite to use (Rifa’I,
2008:25).
Example: Nest Room is for toilet.
2.4. Meaning
L.A. Richarcd in aminuddin say the
original difficulty of all reading , the problem of making out the meaning is
our obvious starting point. According to reaske (1966:36) meaning is something
that the poet wants to convey to the reader. In this research, the writer only
focus on contextual meaning in analyzing figurative language in kahlil Gibran’s
poems. Askar (2011) said that contextual
meaning is the meaning of almost any utterance depends on the context in which
it made (online accesses on February 24th 2012).
By these explanation the writer
concluded that the contextual meaning is the meaning of the poem does not
depend on the the word of poem but it depends on the context of the sentence.
RESEARCH
METHOD
There are two kinds of research methods. They are qualitative and
quantitative methods. This chapter presents and discusses the research method,
which includes research design, source of data, data collection, and data
analysis.
3.1. Reseach Design
A suitable method in finding and understanding description in kahlil
gibran’s poems are descriptive qualitative method. Anselm and Juliet (2003:4) qualitative research is the research that the result
does not get from statistic,
Qualitative research can be done in social, attitude, individual or
organization by researcher in a group or personality. Because researcher
described figurative language in
kahlil gibran’s poem systematically so this research
used descriptive qualitative method.
It can be said that the research here used descriptive data:
analyzing and interpreting from the assumption. In this chapter, it has been
formulated that the object of this research is kahlil gibran’s poems in his book
the madman that related with social theme. As a result this is actually
conducted descriptively.
3.2. Object of the study
The material objects that are being analyzed in this study are 11 poems of kahlil gibran in his book ‘the Madman’ that related with social
theme which related, They are:
1.
Become a Madman
2.
My friend
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3.
The Fox
4.
The Two Hermits
5.
The Wise King
6.
The Three Ants
7.
The Grave Digger
8.
The Good God and The Evil God
9.
The Eye
10. Night and The Madman
11. Said a Blade of Grass
3.3. Data Collection
In this thesis, The steps of writer use
to collect the data is as the following:
1.
Collecting kahlil gibran’s
poems
2.
Reading and understanding
kahlil gibran’s poems
3.
Collecting data selected with
figurative language in kahlil gibran’s poem
3.4. Data Analysis
To answer the problem of the study,
the data were analyzed systematically using the following steps:
1.
Analyzing every figurative
language found in kahlil gibran’s poems
2.
Analyzing the contextual meaning
of figurative language found in kahlil gibran’s
poems
3.
Drawing conclusion based on the
result of data analysis
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the writer presents research findings and discussion about figurative
languages on poetry of Kahlil Gibran poems in the book entitled The Madman.
4.1. Research
Findings
The writer would like to find kinds of figurative languages that were
found in 12 poems of Kahlil Gibran that
chosen because they have the same themes about
social, they are: Become a Madman, My friend, The Fox, The Two Hermits, The Wise King, The Three Ants, The Grave Digger, The Good God and The Evil God, The Eye, Night and The Madman, Said a Blade of Grass.
4.1.1. Finding of figurative language in “ Become
a Madman”
4.1.1.1. personification
The writer found
three personifications in this poem. The first was found in the first and
second line of first stanza, in sentence “
one day long, before many gods were born”
The seconds was
found in eighth and ninth line of
the third stanza, in the sentece “ The
sun kissed my own naked face for the first time”
The last was founds in the tenth line of the third
stanza, in the sentence “ My soul was
inflamed with love”
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4.1.1.2. Metonymy
The writer found
one metonymy used in this poem. In the third line of the first stanza, in the word “ Masks” in the sentence “ and
found all my mask were stolen, the sevent masks i have fashioned and worn in
several lives”
4.1.1.3. Repetition
The writer found
one repetition used in this poem. In the eighth, ninth and tenth line of the third stanza, in sentence” the sun kissed my own naked face for the
first time. for the first time the sun
kissed my own naked face,
4.1.1.4. Symbolism
The writer found one
symbolsm used in this poem. In the tenth line of the third stanz, in word ” The Sun” in the sentence’
the sun kissed my own naked face”
4.1.2. Finding figurative language in “ My Friend”
4.1.2.1. Litotes
The writer found
two litotes in this poem. The first was found in the first
line of the first stanza in the sentence
“ my friend, i’m not what i seem. A garment
i wear A”
The seconds
was found in the last line of
the last stanza , in the sentence “
My path is not thy path, yet together we walk, hand in hand”
4.1.3.2. personification
The writer found
five personification in this poem. The first was found in the second line of
the first stanza in the sentence “ Care
woven garnent that protects me from thy
questionings”
The second was
found in the second line of the third
stanza, in the sentence “ words are naught”
The third was
found in the first line of the sixth
stanza, in the sentence “ My seafering
thoughts”
The fourth was
found in the second line of the sixth
stanza, in the sentence “I speak of the
noontide”
The last was found
in the fifth and sixth line of the sixth stanza, in the sentence “thou canst not hear the songs of my darkness nor see my wings
beating agaist the stars”.
4.1.2.3. Symbolism
The writer was found
three Symbolsm in this poems. The first was found in the second line of the
first stanza, in the word “Garment”.
The second was
found in the last line of the sixth
stanza, in the word “night”
The last was found
in the fourth line of the seventh stanza, in the word “eyesight”
4.1.2.4. Metaphor
The writer was
found only one metaphor in this poem in
the second line of the third stanza, in the sentence “The own thoughts in sound”
4.1.2.5. Hyperbola
The writer was
found only three hyperbola in this poem. The first was found in the second and
the last line of the fourth stanza, in the sentence “My mind doth not dweel upon the wind but upon the sea”
The second was
found in the first line of the seventh
stanza, in the sentence “Thou ascendest to thy heaven i descend to my hell”
The last was found
in the fourth line of the seventh stanza, in the sentence “I would not have thee see my hell”
4.1.2.6. Pleonasm
The writer found
only two pleonasm in this poems. The
first was found in the three and the last line of the eightth
stanza, in the sentence “ I would
not have thee see my laughter, i would
laugh alone”
The second was
found in the last line of the ninth stanza, In the sentence “I mask my madness, I would be mad alone”
4.1.3. Finding figurative Language in “The Fox”
4.1.3.1. Metaphor
In this poem the writer only found metaphor in all
sentence “
“a fox looked at his shadow at sunrise and
said,”I’ll have a camel for lunch
today” and all morning he went about
looking for camels. But at noon he saw his shadow again and he said “ A mouse
will do”
4.1.4. Finding figurative Language in “The Two
Hermits”
4.1.4.1. metaphor
This poem is ballad style (telling story) that
include with Figurative language of metaphor in the sentence” it grieves me”
4.1.4.2.Symbolism
The writer found two symbolism in
this poem, the first in in word dark in the sentence “ but the face of the older hermit grew exceedingly dark “
And the second found in the word
fight in the sentence” thou cursed
coward, thou woulds not fight”
4.1.5. Finding figurative Language in “The Wise
King”
This poem is also ballad style (telling story) that include with Figurative language of symbolism in the word heart in
the sentence” on the heart of city
was a well”
4.1.6. Finding figurative Language in “The Tee
Ants”
This poem
is also ballad style that include with Figurative language of Personification in the sentence “ a
man who was sleep in the sun”
4.1.7. Finding figurative Language in “The Grave
Digger”
This poem
is also ballad style that include with Figurative language of Metaphor in the sentence ”my dead selves”
4.1.8. Finding figurative Language in “The Good
God and The Evil God”
This poem
is ballad style that include with Figurative language of Repetition in sentence “ the good God said”
4.1.9. Finding figurative Language in “The Eye”
This poem
is ballad style that include with Figurative language of Personification in the sentence : ” Said the Eye one
day, "I see beyond these valleys a mountain veiled with blue mist, the second Then the Hand spoke and said,, And the Nose said.
4.1.10. Finding figurative Language in “Night and
The Madman”
4.1.10.1. Simile
The writer was found two simile in this poem. The
first was found in the first line of the first stanza, in the sentence “ I am like thee, O night Dark and naked”
The last was found in the last line of the
twelveth stanza, in the sentence “Ride
the tempest as a steed, and grasp the lighting as a sword?”
4.1.10.2. Hyperbola
The writer was found seventh Hyperbola in this
poem. The first was found in the first and second line of the first stanza, in
the sentence “ I walk on the flaming path
which is above my day dreaming”
The second was found in the first and the last
line of the seventh stanza, in the sentence “
My bosom is lit by burning ships at sea”
The third was foud in the first and second line of
the ninth stanza, in the sentence “ For
he who dwells in my shadow “
The fourth Hyperbola was found in the first and second line of the tenth stanza, in
the sentence “ For thy soul is wrapped in
the veil seven folds”
The fifth was found in the first and second line of the eleventh stanza, in the sentence “ For my breast a thousand dead lovers are
burried in shrouds of withered kisses”
The sixth was found in the first and second line
of the thirteenth stanza, in the sentence “
My throne is built upon heaps of fallen”
The seventh was found in the first line of the
last stanza, in the sentence “For thou
revealest space and i reveal my soul”
4.1.10.3.Personification
The Writer was found three personification in this
poem. The first was found in the last line of the first stanza, in the sentence
“ A giant oak tree comes forth”
The second
was found in the last line of the fourth stanza, in the sentence” The song of the abyss terrifies thee”
The last was found in the first line of the fifth
stanza, in the sentence “ O, Night wild
and terrible”
4.1.10.4.Repetition
The writer only found two repetition in this poem.
The first was faound in the first line of the first, third, fifth, seventh,
ninth and eleventh stanza, in the sentence “
I am like thee”
The last was found in the first line of the
second, fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth stanza, in the sentence “ Nay, thou art not like me”
4.1.10.5.Metaphor
The writer only found one metaphor in this poem in
the second line of the sixth stanza, in the sentence “with thy monster_self thou casnt not be friend”
4.1.11. Finding figurative Language in “Said a
Blade of Grass”
This poem
is also ballad style that include with Figurative language of Personification
in all sentence” said a blade of grass and said the
leaf.
4.2. Discussions
In this step,The writer would like to discuss the result of the writer finding. The writer will discuss
and analyze the contextual meaning of each figurative language that was found
in 12 poems of kahlil Gibran, they are: Become a Madman, God, My friend, The Fox, The Two Hermits, The Wise King, The Three Ants, The Grave Digger, The Good God and The
Evil God, The
Eye, Night
and The Madman, Said a Blade of Grass.
4.2.1. The Discussion of figurative language in “
Become a Madman”
4.2.1.1.
personification
The first , one day long, before many gods were born,
We Know that The god was never born, born was had by human being and animal,
the meaning of god is not our creation but it is society, So the
contextual meaning of one day
long,before many gods were born is formerly one day long before there were all society in that place born(existed).
The second is in the sentence “The sun kissed my own naked face for the
first time”The sun cannot kiss us as
human being ,the sun does not have lips, the meaning of
kissed is shining because the sun cannot kissed but shining and the word naked face means that the poet’s
face without any veil or mask. So the
contextual meaning “The sun kissed my own
naked face for the first time”is the sunlight shining directly to all of
human For the first time.
The last, in the
sentence “ My soul was inflamed with
love” The
soul cannot inflamed, the word inflamed means full of love. So the meaning of whole sentence is the poet’s feeling
is happy.
4.2.1.2. Metonymy
The writer clasify
that the word “ Masks” in the sentence ”and all my
mask were stolen, the seven mask I have fashioned and worn in seven lives”
to metonymy because it is
figure of speech that consist the use of name of an object is mask for drama.
So mask has contextual meaning is a dramatic feeling that he feel in seven
lives.
4.2.1.3. Repetition
The writer found one
repetition” the sun kissed my own naked
face for the first time. for the first
time the sun kissed my own naked face, its means that the sentence is
intensify. the sunlight is shining directly to all of human For the first
time.
4.2.1.4. Symbolism
The writer found
one symbolsm used in this poem. in word ”
The Sun” in the sentence “the sun kissed my own naked face for the first
time“ that
mean Light or brightness.
4.2.2. The Discussion of figurative language
in “ My Friend”
4.2.2.1. Litotes
The first in the
sentence“ my friend, I’m not
what I seem. A garment
I wear A”it is include litotes because it is clear that he wear a garment but he say
that he does not wear it. So the contextual meaning is the poet is not arrogant because
although he has something he does not show it off to the other person.
The seconds
was found in the last line of
the last stanza , in the sentence “
My path is not thy path, yet together we walk, hand in hand”it is clear
that they walk hand in hand but he say that his path is not his path. The meaning my path is thinking, and the meaning of hand in hand and
always together, So the contextual
meaning of this poem is although they always together but it does not mean that
they always be in the same way in thinking.
4.2.2.2. personification
The writer found
five personifications in this poem. The first was found in the second line of the first stanza
in the sentence “ Care woven garment that protects me from thy questionings”the
contextual meaning is he wear a simple garment with simple style in onder to
protect him for gossip someone who dislike him.
The second was
found in the second line of the third
stanza, in the sentence “ words are naught”the words are not
naught but it means bad
word, naught is adjective from human. The contextual meaning of the sentence
“words are naught” is all of what he say is not always true and it is not
always good so his words are naught.
The third was
found in the first line of the sixth
stanza, in the sentence “ My seafering
thoughts”we know that thoughts can not be sheafering so it include
personification means that his thought always run or hight. And the contexstual
meaning is hight thinking .
The fourth was
found in the second line of the sixth
stanza, in the sentence “I speak of the
noontide” the noontide cannot speak and cannot understand what we say,
noontide means brightness, So contextual meaning of these sentence is he speaks
in brightness.
The last was found
in the fifth and sixth line of the sixth stanza, in the sentence “thou canst not hear the songs of my darkness nor see my wings
beating agaist the stars”. The darkness cannot sing
but it means sadness, so the
contextual meaning is they cant know the poet sadness.
4.2.2.3. Symbolism
The writer was
found three Symbolism in this poems. The first was found in the second line of the first
stanza, in the word “Garment”in the sentence “care
woven garment that protect me from the quistionings” .that has meaning something which care him, and the contextual
meaning is he wear a simple garment with simple style in onder to protect him from gossip someone who
dislike him.
The second was
found in the last line of the sixth
stanza, in the word “night”in the
sentence “I would be
with night alone” it means darkness or sadness. So the contextual
meaning is the poet want stay alone in his sadness.
The last was found
in the fourth line of the seventh stanza, in the word “eyesight” in the sentence ”the
flame would burn they eyesight” has meaning happiness. the meaning of burn
is made lost. The contextual meaning is the heel or flame would burn their happiness.
4.2.2.4. Metaphor
The writer found
only one metaphor in this poem in the
second line of the third stanza, in the sentence “The own thoughts in sound” the sound is directly compared with
the thougts means saying. that thas contextual meaning whatever what he say comes from his
thought.
4.2.2.5. Hyperbole
The writer was
found only three hyperboles in this poem. The first was, in the sentence “My mind doth not dweel upon the wind but
upon the sea” the poet make exageration with his mind that upon the sea, the
meaning of upon the sea is deep, as we know that the sea is deep and very
difficult to guess the depth. That has contextual meaning that the reader of
poet’s poem cannot guess what he think.
The second was
found in the first line of the seventh
stanza, in the sentence “Thou ascendest to thy heaven I descend to my hell” exageration about the heaven and the hell that
means happiness and sadness, So the contextual meaning is just for his friend’s
happines the poet acquiesce to be sadness.
The last was found
in the fourth line of the seventh stanza, in the sentence “I would not have thee see my hell” the meaning of hell is sadness.
the contextual meaning that the poet does not want his friend known the poet sadness.
4.2.2.6. Pleonasm
The writer found
only two pleonasm in this poems. The
first, in the sentence “ I would not have
thee see my laughter, I would laugh
alone” the meaning of laught is
happiness. that has contextual meaning the poet does not want his friend know
his happines too.
The second was
found in the last line of the ninth stanza, In the sentence “I mask my madness, I would be mad alone”
the meaning of mask is drama or closed his face, and the meaning of madness is
a problem. It has contextual meaning that the poet closed his problem, doesn’t
want his friend know it.
4.2.3. The Discussion of figurative Language in “The Fox”
4.2.3.1. Metaphor
In this poem the writer only found metaphor in all
sentence “
“a fox looked at his shadow at sunrise and
said,”I’ll have a camel for lunch
today” and all morning he went about
looking for camels. But at noon he saw his shadow again and he said “ A mouse
will do” from these story the camel is greedy to get something but he
still receive the fact if what he want does not come true. that has contextual
meaning message to all of human being not suggested greedy, we must receive the
fate after we try to get what we
want.
4.2.4. The Discussion of figurative Language in
“The Two Hermits”
4.2.4.1. Metaphor
The writer found one metaphor in this poem, in the sentence ” it grieves me” the meaning of grieves is not grieves is not grieves because of die but sadness. So the contextual meaning is the younger hermit feel sad.
4.2.4.2. Symbolism
The writer found two symbolisms in this poem, the first in the sentence
“ but the face of the older hermit grew exceedingly dark” the word dark is a symbol of sadness, as we know that the face is not dark. And the contextual meaning the older hermit feel sad.
4.2.5. The Discussion of figurative Language in
“The Wise King”
The writer found symbolism in the sentence” on the heart of city was a well” the meaning of heart is just a symbol of center city, So the contextual meaning is in the center of city there was a well.
4.2.6. The Discussion of figurative Language in
“The Three Ants”
The
writer only found symbols in this poem in the sentence “ a man who was asleep in the sun” that sentence means a man lie down in under
sun light. So the contextual meaning is the man enjoys his life.
4.2.7. The Discussion of figurative Language in
“The Grave Digger”
This poem is also ballad style that include with Figurative language of Metaphor in the sentence (Once, as I was burying one of my dead selves)
Here my dead selves compares to problem. So the one who buried her dead selves meaning he was burying his problem.
4.2.8. The Discussion of figurative Language in
“The Good God and The Evil God”
This poem is ballad style that include with Figurative language of Repetition in second and fourth stanza in the sentence “The Good God said “ it means intensify to make clear which one is the good God one and the evil God one.
4.2.9. The Discussion of figurative Language in
“The Eye”
This poem is ballad style that include with Figurative language of Personification it can be found in the ballad, the first one” Said the Eye one day, "I see beyond these valleys a mountain veiled with blue mist, the second Then the Hand spoke and said,, And the Nose said.’we know that the eyes, ears, hands, and nose impossible to speak, human being can speak. So it include personification. The meaning of this figurative language is actually every part of our body has their own perception about their function.
4.2.10. The Discussion of figurative Language in
“Night and The Madman”
4.2.10.1. Simile
The writer found two similes in this poem. The first,
in the sentence “ I am like thee, O night
Dark and naked” Simile is comparison of two things that are essentially
different and its signaled by used of “ like”. In this poem
the poet compares the poet with Night dark
that has meaning sad. And the contekstual meaning the poet was sad.
The last was found in the last line of the
twelveth stanza, in the sentence “Ride
the tempest as a steed, and grasp the lighting as a sword?” we know that
steed and the lightning is strong So the contextual meaning is the poet is strong in faced the
problem.
4.2.10.2. Hyperbole
The writer was found seven Hyperbola in this poem.
The first, in the sentence “ I walk on
the flaming path which is above my day dreaming” this sentence exageration of walking on the flaming path which is imposible But it has meaning althought the
fire is so hot but he still walk on it, it means everything
he will do for the sake of his dream. And the contextual meaning is that
the poet very spirit in reaching his dream.
The second was found in the sentence “ My bosom is lit by burning ships at sea”
bosom mean is heart, the word lit means
is light or full, and the word burning ships means spirit. So the contextual meaning is in the heart
of poet full of spirit.
The third foud in the first and second line of the
ninth stanza, in the sentence “ For he
who dwells in my shadow “ we can not stand in the shadow but stand in a
shadow means always think. it’s
exageration that he want always together and always think about his friend.
The fourth Hyperbole in the sentence “ For thy soul is wrapped in the veil seven folds”if theh soul is
wrapped means the soul is so hard, it has contextual meaning that his heart so
hard, everyone cannot give suggestion or advice to him, he would not hear it.
He always stand with his intend.
The fifth was found in the sentence “
For my breast a thousand dead lovers are burried in shrouds of withered kisses”
a thousand dead lover of wittered kisses it means someone whom he love with an honest heart, in the word burried means always in
the poet’s heart, and in the word dead means that someone he love was gone. So
the writer concluded that in the heart of the poet
always there was someone whom he love with an honest heart althought he
was Gone.
The sixth was found, in the sentence “ My throne is built upon heaps of fallen
Gods” the throme means happines and fallen God means is Sadness, So it has
contextual meaning that his happiness comes after sadness.
The seventh was found, in the sentence “For thou revealest space and I reveal my
soul” by these sentence if his
friend want to revealest the poet want reveal too. It has contextual meaning means
that they have the same spirit.
4.2.10.3.Personification
The Writer was found three personification in this
poem. The first ,in the sentence “ A
giant oak tree comes forth” a tree cannot do as human being So its called
Personification,a giak means problem, the contextual meaning is there is something
comes forth or problem in raeching his dream.
The second
was found in the sentence” The song of the abyss terrifies thee” song of
abyss means problem, as we know that abyss cannot sing a song. The
contextual meaning is that something
make the poet afraid.
The last was found, in the sentence “ O, Night wild and terrible”the meaning
of wild is spiritful. And night as a friend. So the contextual meaning that the poet want tobe his
friend beacuse his friend full of
spirit.
4.2.10.4.Repetition
The writer only
found two repetition in this poem. The first was faound in the sentence “ I am like thee” it means that the sentence is intensify that the poet
like the night.
The last was found
,n the sentence “ Nay, thou art not like
me” its means that the sentence is intensify that the night would not be
the poet’s friend.
4.2.10.5.Metaphor
The writer only found one metaphor in this poem in
the second line of the sixth stanza, in the sentence “with thy monster_self thou casnt not be friend” thy monster it
means bad attitude. So the contexual meaning is the
poet’s friend would not be friend with the poet because the poet has bad
attitude.
4.2.11. The Discussion of figurative Language in
“Said a Blade of Grass”
This poem is also ballad style that include with Figurative language of Personification in all sentence because we know that the grass and leaf impossible to speak as human being, (Said a blade of grass to an autumn leaf, "You make such a noise falling! You scatter all my winter dreams." Said the leaf indignant, "Low-born and low-dwelling! Songless, peevish thing! You live not in the upper air and you cannot tell the sound of singing." Then the autumn leaf lay down upon the earth and slept. And when spring came she waked again--and she was a blade of grass. And when it was autumn and her winter sleep was upon her, and above her through all the air the leaves were falling, she muttered to herself, "O these autumn leaves! They make such noise! They scatter all my winter dreams."). by these story we know the revolusion of grass and leaf , when the leaf angry to the grass and say that the grass are low born and low dwelling. But in the next time the leaf falling down to the earth and became a grass and the grass grown become a leaf. That means that we live in the world sometime in high level of condition, and sometime in deep level of condition, sometime happy and sometime sad. So we have to care of each other.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
In this chapter, The writer presents conclusion
and suggestion
5.1. Conclusions
After
reading and identifying 12 poems of Kahlil Gibran, The writer concludes
that there are some figurative languages used in each line and stanza of the
poems, they are:
5.1.1.
Become a madman
Become a madman tells us about the poet experiences in a bad society when someone have a good
attitude is
called have bad attitude because all
person in that society have bad attitute. the writer found three
personification, one metonymy, one repetition and one symbolsm.
5.1.2.
My Friend
It can be concluded that the poet loves his friend very much, He will always together with his
friend, and The poet does not want his friend fell sad.The writer found Two
litotes, Five personifications, three symbolisms, one metaphors, three hyperbolas,and Two pleonasms.
5.1.3.
The Fox
This Poem has message to all of human being not
tobe greedy, we must receive our fate after we try to get what we want. In this
poem the witer only found metaphor in all sentences.
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5.1.4.
The Two Hermits
This poem is to give message to all human being
not to arrogant and we must be care the other person’s advise. This is ballad style and only found a metaphor and two symbolism
5.1.5.
The Wise King
This poem is balladd style and only found a symbolism that
has contextual meaning is in the center of city there was a well.
5.1.6.
The Three Ants
The writer concluded that we live in the world that god create and we can not defeat God, and this
poem has massage we are not be arrogant in the world.
All of human who cleaver or not, live in the world just a
moment and it will be broken. This is balladd style and only found symbolism.
5.1.7.
The Grave Digger
The poet tells to the reader if we cannot reach what we want, we
must be patient. We must bury these ideal
with smiling and patient. This is ballad style and only found a metaphor.
5.1.8.
The Good God And The Evil God
We have friend a thief we
can called a thief, if we have friend a good person and we can called a good person, so by
these story we can conclude if we want to look for friends are must becarefull. This is
balladd style and only a found Repetition.
5.1.9. The Eye
This poem is ballad style and only found
Personification. And the writer conclude that every
part of our body has their own perception about their function.
5.1.10.
Night and The Madman
Its can concluded that the poet want to be like a night. But the
night would not be poet’s friend. The writer found two similes, seven hyperbola, three
personifications, two repetition, and one metaphors.
5.1.11.
Said a Blade of Grass
The writer concluded that we live in the world sometime in high level of condition, and sometime in deep level of condition,
sometime happy and sometime
sad. So we have to be care of each other. The writer only found metaphor.
5.2.
Suggestions
The writer would like to give some suggestions.
For readers and students who are interested in analyzing
literary works because its subjectively, especially about poetry it is suggested to understand the figurative language contained in
the poem before they understand the whole poem because by understanding the figurative
language it will make them easier to catch the meaning, message, even the theme
of the poem.
For the further researcher it is hoped that this thesis can be used
as references to conduct another research on figurative language and it is
contextual meaning of different poem, and they can analyze the same poem The
madman but in different aspect such
as discuss the themes, rhymes even the syntax or the semantics of the poems.
Aminuddin, .2010,pengantar
apresiasi karya sastra,Bandung:Sinar Baru algesindo>.
Bressler, Charles E,1999,literary
Criticim, An introduction to theory and practice, New Jersy:Houghton
college.
Djojosuroto, kinayati,2006,Pengajuan Puisi,Bandung:Nuansa
Gibran,
Kahlil.2004.Song of the soul.Jakarta:Eksa Media.
Gibran
,Kahlil.2010.The Secret of Heart.Yogyakarta:Cupid
Gibran,
Kahlil.2002.kematian sebuah bangsa .Yogyakarta: Bentang Budaya.
Herman J waluyo,2005,apresiasi puisi,jakarta:gramedia pustaka
Hartiningsih, Dra. Sri, MM.2001. Introduction
to literature. Malang: Muhammadiyah
university.
Kennedy,X.J.Goia,Diana.2002.An introduction of poetry.new
york:Logman
Sunaryono Basuki.M.A.1988.The Anatomy
of Prose Fiction.
Jakarta: Depdikbud.
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Reaske, chistopher russel.1966.How
to analyze poetry. new york: monarchi press.
Reaske, chistopher russel.1966.How
to analyze fiction,. new york: monarchi press.
Siswantoro.2010.Metode penelitian
sastra Analysis struktur puisi.yogyakarta:pustaka pelajar..
(http://www The biography of Khalil Gibran - life story.html
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APPENDIX
I. Became a madman
You ask me how I became a madman. It happened thus: One day, long
before many gods were born, I woke from a deep sleep and found all my masks were stolen,--the seven masks I have fashioned and worn in seven lives,--I ran maskless through the crowded streets shouting, "Thieves, thieves, the cursed thieves."
Men and women laughed at me and some ran to their houses in fear of me.
And when I reached the market place, a youth standing on a house-top
cried, "He is a madman." I looked up to behold him; the sun kissed
my own naked face for the first time. For the first time the sun kissed my own naked face and my soul was inflamed with love for the sun, and I wanted my masks no more. And as if in a trance I cried, "Blessed, blessed are the thieves who stole my masks."
Thus I became a madman.
And I have found both freedom of loneliness and the safety from being understood, for those who understand us enslave something in us.
But let me not be too proud of my safety. Even a Thief in a jail is safe from another thief
II. My Friend
My friend, I am not what I seem. Seeming is but a garment I wear--a
care-woven garment that protects me from thy questionings and thee
from my negligence.
The "I" in me, my friend, dwells in the house of silence, and
therein it shall remain for ever more, unperceived, unapproachable.
I would not have thee believe in what I say nor trust in what I
do--for my words are naught but thy own thoughts in sound and my
deeds thy own hopes in action.
When thou sayest, "The wind bloweth eastward," I say, "Aye it doth
blow eastward"; for I would not have thee know that my mind doth
not dwell upon the wind but upon the sea.
Thou canst not understand my seafaring thoughts, nor would I have
thee understand. I would be at sea alone.
When it is day with thee, my friend, it is night with me; yet even
then I speak of the noontide that dances upon the hills and of
the purple shadow that steals its way across the valley; for thou
canst not hear the songs of my darkness nor see my wings beating
against the stars--and I fain would not have thee hear or see. I
would be with night alone.
When thou ascendest to thy Heaven I descend to my Hell--even then
thou callest to me across the unbridgeable gulf, "My companion, my
comrade," and I call back to thee, "My comrade, my companion"--for
I would not have thee see my Hell. The flame would burn thy eyesight
and the smoke would crowd thy nostrils. And I love my Hell too
well to have thee visit it. I would be in Hell alone.
Thou lovest Truth and Beauty and Righteousness; and I for thy sake
say it is well and seemly to love these things. But in my heart
I laught at thy love. Yet I would not have thee see my laughter.
I would laugh alone.
My friend, thou art good and cautious and wise; nay, thou art
perfect--and I, too, speak with thee wisely and cautiously. And
yet I am mad. But I mask my madness. I would be mad alone.
My friend, thou art not my friend, but how shall I make thee
understand? My path is not thy path, yet together we walk, hand
in hand.
III. The Fox
A fox looked at his shadow at sunrise and said, "I will have
a camel for lunch today." And all morning he went about looking
for camels. But at noon he saw his shadow again--and he said, "A
mouse will do.
IV. The Two Hermits
Upon a lonely mountain, there lived two hermits who worshipped God and loved one another.
Now these two hermits had one earthen bowl, and this was their only possession.
One day an evil spirit entered into the heart of the older hermit
and he came to the younger and said, "It is long that we have
lived together. The time has come for us to part. Let us divide
our possessions."
Then the younger hermit was saddened and he said, "It grieves
me, Brother, that thou shouldst leave me. But if thou must needs
go, so be it," and he brought the earthen bowl and gave it to him
saying, "We cannot divide it, Brother, let it be thine."
Then the older hermit said, "Charity I will not accept. I will take nothing but mine own. It must be divided."
And the younger one said, "If the bowl be broken, of what use would
it be to thee or to me? If it be thy pleasure let us rather cast a lot."
But the older hermit said again, "I will have but justice and mine
own, and I will not trust justice and mine own to vain chance. The bowl must be divided."
Then the younger hermit could reason no further and he said, "If
it be indeed thy will, and if even so thou wouldst have it let us
now break the bowl."
But the face of the older hermit grew exceedingly dark, and he
cried, "O thou cursed coward, thou wouldst not fight."
V. The Wise King
Once there ruled in the distant city of Wirani a king who was both
mighty and wise. And he was feared for his might and loved for
his wisdom.
Now, in the heart of that city was a well, whose water was cool and
crystalline, from which all the inhabitants drank, even the king
and his courtiers; for there was no other well.
One night when all were asleep, a witch entered the city, and poured
seven drops of strange liquid into the well, and said, "From this
hour he who drinks this water shall become mad."
Next morning all the inhabitants, save the king and his lord
chamberlain, drank from the well and became mad, even as the witch
had foretold.
And during that day the people in the narrow streets and in the
market places did naught but whisper to one another, "The king is
mad. Our king and his lord chamberlain have lost their reason.
Surely we cannot be ruled by a mad king. We must dethrone him."
That evening the king ordered a golden goblet to be filled from the
well. And when it was brought to him he drank deeply, and gave it
to his lord chamberlain to drink.
And there was great rejoicing in that distant city of Wirani,
because its king and its lord chamberlain had regained their reason.
VI. The Three Ants
Three ants met on the nose of a man who was asleep in the sun. And
after they had saluted one another, each according to the custom
of his tribe, they stood there conversing.
The first ant said, "These hills and plains are the most barren I
have known. I have searched all day for a grain of some sort, and
there is none to be found."
Said the second ant, "I too have found nothing, though I have
visited every nook and glade. This is, I believe, what my people
call the soft, moving land where nothing grows."
Then the third ant raised his head and said, "My friends, we are
standing now on the nose of the Supreme Ant, the mighty and infinite
Ant, whose body is so great that we cannot see it, whose shadow
is so vast that we cannot trace it, whose voice is so loud that we
cannot hear it; and He is omnipresent."
When the third ant spoke thus the other ants looked at each other
and laughed.
At that moment the man moved and in his sleep raised his hand and scratched his nose, and the three ants were crushed.
VII. The Grave-Digger
Once, as I was burying one of my dead selves, the grave-digger came by and said to me, "Of all those who come here to bury, you alone I like."
Said I, "You please me exceedingly, but why do you like me?"
"Because," said he, "They come weeping and go weeping--you only come laughing and go laughing."
VIII. The Good God and the Evil God
The Good God and the Evil God met on the mountain top.
The Good God said, "Good day to you, brother."
The Evil God did not answer.
And the Good God said, "You are in a bad humour today."
"Yes," said the Evil God, "for of late I have been often mistaken
for you, called by your name, and treated as if I were you, and it
ill-pleases me."
And the Good God said, "But I too have been mistaken for you and
called by your name."
The Evil God walked away curing the stupidity of man
IX. The Eye
Said the Eye one day, "I see beyond these valleys a mountain veiled
with blue mist. Is it not beautiful?"
The Ear listened, and after listening intently awhile, said, "But
where is any mountain? I do not hear it."
Then the Hand spoke and said, "I am trying in vain to feel it or
touch it, and I can find no mountain."
And the Nose said, "There is no mountain, I cannot smell it."
Then the Eye turned the other way, and they all began to talk together
about the Eye's strange delusion. And they said, "Something must
be the matter with the Eye."
X. Night and the Madman
"I am like thee, O, Night, dark and naked; I walk on the flaming
path which is above my day-dreams, and whenever my foot touches
earth a giant oak tree comes forth."
"Nay, thou art not like me, O, Madman, for thou still lookest
backward to see how large a foot-print thou leavest on the sand."
"I am like thee, O, Night, silent and deep; and in the heart of
my loneliness lies a Goddess in child-bed; and in him who is being
born Heaven touches Hell."
"Nay, thou art not like me, O, Madman, for thou shudderest yet
before pain, and the song of the abyss terrifies thee."
"I am like thee, O, Night, wild and terrible; for my ears are crowded
with cries of conquered nations and sighs for forgotten lands."
"Nay, thou art not like me, O, Madman, for thou still takest thy
little-self for a comrade, and with thy monster-self thou canst
not be friend."
"I am like thee, O, Night, cruel and awful; for my bosom is lit
by burning ships at sea, and my lips are wet with blood of slain
warriors."
"Nay, thou art not like me, O, Madman; for the desire for a
sister-spirit is yet upon thee, and thou has not become a low unto
thyself."
"I am like thee, O, Night, joyous and glad; for he who dwells in
my shadow is now drunk with virgin wine, and she who follows me is
sinning mirthfully."
"Nay, thou art not like me, O, Madman, for thy soul is wrapped in
the veil of seven folds and thou holdest not they heart in thine
hand."
"I am like thee, O, Night, patient and passionate; for in my breast
a thousand dead lovers are buried in shrouds of withered kisses."
"Yea, Madman, art thou like me? Art thou like me? And canst thou
ride the tempest as a steed, and grasp the lightning as a sword?"
"Like thee, O, Night, like thee, mighty and high, and my throne is
built upon heaps of fallen Gods; and before me too pass the days
to kiss the hem of my garment but never to gaze at my face."
"Art thou like me, child of my darkest heart? And dost thou think
my untamed thoughts and speak my vast language?"
"Yea, we are twin brothers, O, Night; for thou revealest space and
I reveal my soul."
XI. Said a Blade of Grass
Said a blade of grass to an autumn leaf, "You make such a noise
falling! You scatter all my winter dreams."
Said the leaf indignant, "Low-born and low-dwelling! Songless,
peevish thing! You live not in the upper air and you cannot tell
the sound of singing."
Then the autumn leaf lay down upon the earth and slept. And when
spring came she waked again--and she was a blade of grass.
And when it was autumn and her winter sleep was upon her, and
above her through all the air the leaves were falling, she muttered
to herself, "O these autumn leaves! They make such noise! They
scatter all my winter dreams."
XII. Kahlil Gibran
Kahlil Gibran
was born on January 6, 1883 in Bechari (Bsharri), Lebanon ,
a mountain village
of Maronite Christians
Gibran's first English book The Madman came out in 1918, The Madman
a collection of parables which was illustrated by Gibran.
Gibran died at the age of forty-eight in New York hospital, as the
spreading cancer in his l
